IMPACT OF SAND MINING ON THE HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION, IN ISIODU-EMOHUA NEW CALABAR RIVER, RIVERS STATE
Keywords:
Impacts, sand mining, heavy metals concentration, new Calabar River.Abstract
Sand mining has enormous impacts on the environment and the riverine ecosystem in different dimensions. The impacts of the mining activities on the Isiodu rivers despite the continual mining activities have not been ascertained. This study investigated the impact of sand mining activities on the water quality of Isiodu river in Emohua L.G.A. The study adopted an experimental design to examine the impact of sand mining on the level of heavy metals, physicochemical characteristics and the flora and fauna of the ecosystem. The heavy metal levels were determined by the use of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), while the standard method was used to determine the physicochemical parameters of the river water. The gill nets and cast nets were used for the fauna while the boat-assisted sampling method was used for deeper water for the flora. The results showed that temperature ranged from 5-97-33.00°C, salinity had a range of 2.13-3.44 mg/L while ITDS has a range of 109.87- 3411.33 mg/L and Nitrate (NO3) was higher than phosphate (PO4). Fe and Mn had the highest levels in all the mining sites. On flora abundant, Syngonsum podophyllu was more abundant at the bridge point, Tribulus terrestris was more abundance with the midpoint and Terminalia spp was more at the last point. While Mudskipper, (Periophthalmus africanus), Crab (Cardiosoma armatum) were more at the bridge point and the Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fascatus) were more at the mid-point and last point, As, had a range of 0.18- 0.22 mg/L, with the highest at last point, Fe had highest level in all the three mining points with a range of 4.95-5.00mg/l followed by Mn with highest levels at the midpoint (1.60+0.12) mg/L. there was no significant difference between Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Coper and the three mining point (P>0.05) except As, and Cd that showed a significant differences among the three mining point (P<0.05) the degradation level due to sand mining activities was 12.8m from the original coastal shore. Based on the result, it was recommended that initiating community awareness programme to educate the users and stakeholder about the ecological consequences of mining and promoting sustainable practice. The study concluded that sand mining activities demonstrated significance negative impact on the physiochemical, heavy metal levels, flora, fauna and riparine degradation of the Isiodu river.




